I am reading Prairie Fires: The American Dreams of Laura Ingalls Wilder, Caroline Fraser's biography of Laura Ingalls Wilder, who was the author of the Little House on the Prairie series of children's books. I'm about halfway through Fraser's biography, and I think it's a masterpiece of writing. It's not only Wilder's biography, but a considerably comprehensive description of the climate during the latter part of the 19th century and how it impacted on the lives of the pioneer settlers. There appeared to be considerable climate change during the latter part of the 19th century, much of it probably man-made due to poor agricultural practices. I googled 'droughts in the US--19th century', and this is what I found on Wikipedia:
19th Century
There were at least three major droughts in 19th-century North America: one from the mid-1850s to the mid-1860s, one in the 1870s, and one in the 1890s (refs). There was also a drought around 1820; the periods from 1816 to 1844 and from 1849 to 1880 were rather dry, and the 19th century overall was a dry century for the Great Plains. While there was little rain-gauge data from the mid-19th century in the middle of the US, there were plenty of trees, and tree-ring data showed evidence of a major drought from around 1856 to around 1865. Native Americans were hard hit, as the bison they depended upon on the Plains moved to river valleys in search of water, and those valleys were full of natives and settlers alike. The river valleys were also home to domestic livestock, which competed against the bison for food. The result was starvation for many of the bison.
The 1870–1877 drought brought with it a major swarm of Rocky Mountain Locusts, as droughts benefit locusts, making plants more nutritious and edible to locusts and reducing diseases that harm locusts. Locusts also grow more quickly during a drought and gather in small spots of lush vegetation, enabling them to swarm, facts which contributed to the ruin of much of the farmland in the American West. The evidence for this drought is also primarily in tree-ring, rather than rain gauge, data.
The 1890s drought, between 1890 and 1896, was the first to be widely and adequately recorded by rain gauges, with much of the American West having been settled. Railroads promised land to people willing to settle it, and the period between 1877 and 1890 was wetter than usual, leading to unrealistic expectations of land productivity. The amount of land required to support a family in more arid regions was already larger than the amount that could realistically be irrigated by a family, but this fact was made more obvious by the drought, leading to emigration from recently settled lands. The Federal government started to assist with irrigation with the 1902 Reclamation Act.
Laura Ingalls Wilder was born in 1867, and her life, along with her family's, were strongly affected by the droughts and harsh weather at that time, as well as the horrific Rocky Mountain locust plagues that destroyed crops (and livelihoods) and homes alike. Wikipedia reports (and I cite): Sightings often placed their swarms in numbers far larger than any other locust species, with one famous sighting in 1875 estimated at 198,000 square miles (510,000 km2) in size (greater than the area of California), weighing 27.5 million tons and consisting of some 12.5 trillion insects. If that wouldn't scare you if you saw it coming, I don't know what would. I imagine that most farmers thought the apocalypse had arrived. Fraser describes how the dead bodies of these locusts (now extinct, luckily for us) would lie on the railroad tracks and clog the rails, preventing the trains from running.
When I read about the difficulties that farmers faced then and now, I have only the utmost respect for them and what they had (and have) to deal with. It does not surprise me that many farmers in the latter part of the 19th century gave up farming and moved to urban areas in order to find new types of work. And even though farming has evolved into agribusiness, the challenges of climate change remain and are expected to worsen during the latter part of this century. If the 19th century teaches us anything, it is that you cannot predict the weather or future outcomes, and the latter part of this century is likely to be a repetition of that.
